SDG 11

RESEARCH

Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable.

This SDG was adopted in November 2015 by the United Nations. The aim of this SDG 11 is to reconstruct and planning of cities or settlements that provides equal access to basic services, facilities, or other public spaces while reducing resource use and environmental impact.

This SDG is important is because it can help in building new cities, manage cities and also give the opportunity to cooperate with rural areas.

As the statistic given by the United nation, it shows that by 2050, the expectation of population to live in urban areas will be up to 6.5 million which is 2/3 humanity in the world. There are a lot of people from the countryside that have started moving from one side to cities and this situation actually is such a boom for megacities. If we still maintain the situation without having any changes, the sustainable development of the cities might fail in the future. Even though a lot of people live in urban areas or cities, the extreme poverty issue is still happening in the cities because the goods price in cities or urban areas is quite high and not everyone can afford that. With the growth of the population in the cities, a high amount of utilities or services is needed to accommodate the population. And last but not least, there are also some issues that humans are facing which are poverty, climate change, inequality education, and limited healthcare services.

FACTS AND FIGURES

The statistics show that we still have around 45% which is 828 million people still living in rural areas. 95 % of urban expansion in the next decades will take place in the developing world. The increase of megacities and population is changing quite high also. In 1990 there were only 10 megacities with 10 million people, but when it comes to 2014, the megacities increase to 28 and the population of people is up to 453 million people. Based on the statistic, we have 33 mega cities in 2018. The economic role of cities is significant. They generate about 80 percent of the global GDP(Gross domestic product- a measure of the market value.) The other fact is that we have only 3% of land occupied on the earth but the consumption of energy is up to 80% and the carbon emission is up 70% in the world.

TARGETS

11.1 Ensure access for all to adequate, safe, and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums

11.2 Provide access to safe, affordable, accessible, and sustainable transport systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to the

needs of those in vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with disabilities, and older persons

11.3 Enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated, and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries

11.4 Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage

11.5 Reduce the number of deaths and the number of people affected and substantially decrease the direct economic losses relative to the global gross domestic product caused by disasters, including water-related disasters, with a focus on protecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations

11.6 Reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management

11.7 Provide universal access to safe, inclusive, and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular, or women and children, older persons, and persons with disabilities

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As everyone knows, the covid-19 issue is giving a big impact on all countries. It is not only affected the economic sector, and also, housing, health-care, transportation, culture, and natural heritage, and others.

The statistics are about the proportion of the urban population living in slums decreased in 2014 but it increased again in 2018. The other statistic is about the total population that can fit in open public spaces in different countries. the public spaces in east and southeast Asia can only fit 26.08% of people while australis and New Zealand can fit up to 78% of people. Here is the statistic of India, there is 13% of urban households don't have sanitary toilets,1.2 million people deaths in 2017 because of pollution, and 62 million tonnes of waste is generated per year.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CITY IN MALAYSIA

From 2010 to 2015, the population grew more than 1.8% and now we have 74% of people who live in cities and their expectation of the population who lives in cities is up to 82% of people in 2030. There are also up to 90% of economic activities that are conducted in the city center, but there are also facing a shortage of affordable housing because the house price is getting higher.

The news mentions that the culture is facing a challenge of bringing back to society because, during a pandemic issue, the museum or other cultural center cannot be opened. These are the statistics related to the cultural and creative industries in Malaysia.

The statistic shows that the digital animation sector is the highest percent and craft, music and museum are the lowest.

ISSUES IN SDG 11

CAUSES